Let's use the pipe flow calculator to determine the velocity and discharge of a plastic pipe, 0.5 feet in diameter. Make sure to use our flow rate calculator to convert between the discharge ( volumetric flow rate) and the mass flow rate. Once you know the velocity of the gravity flow, you can also find the discharge, Q, by multiplying the cross-sectional area of the pipe by the flow speed: Remember that if the pipe slope is not constant but changes all the time, the actual water flow speed will differ from the obtained result. To calculate the slope S, you must divide the pipe length by the drop (height difference between the beginning and endpoints). In this pipe flow calculator's Advanced mode, you can view and modify all these parameters (area, perimeter, hydraulic radius). Where r is the pipe radius, and d is the pipe diameter. If the pipe is circular, you will find it according to the following equation: The hydraulic radius, R, is the proportion between the area and the perimeter of your pipe. You can pick a material from a drop-down list or input the value of C manually if you know the roughness coefficient of your flow system. The roughness coefficient C dependents on the material of the pipe. You don't need to know the values of C, R, or S in order to use our pipe flow calculator – we calculate them for you! k - Conversion factor dependent on the unit system ( k = 0.849 for the metric system and k = 1.318 for the imperial system).It is unitless, but sometimes expressed in m/m and S - Slope of the energy line (frictional head loss per length of pipe).R - Hydraulic radius (in meters or feet depending on the unit system).v - Velocity of water flowing in the pipe (in m/s for the metric system and ft/s for the Imperial system).It also doesn't take into account the temperature of the water, and is only accurate for the 40-75 ☏ (4-25 ☌) range. Remember that the Hazen-Williams equation is valid only for water – applying it for any other fluid will give you inaccurate results. Reichert tray systems for pilot-scale 2.0- and 3.The Hazen-Williams equation is an empirically derived formula that describes the velocity of water in a gravity flow.

Wilfley, Deister, and Gemeni shaking tables.Variable-speed controls, automatic samplers, rate-monitored process water, and agitated interstage storage tanks complete the facilities.

Samples as large as several tons can be fed continuously, either wet or dry, to the different concentrating units. The pilot-scale facilities are equipped to handle a variety of test programs on a larger scale. Preliminary closed-circuit tests can be made with as little as a few kilograms of feed material. Our laboratories contain small jigs, shaking tables, a Knelson concentrator, a Mozley vanner, and heavy-media separation equipment. Hazen's gravity concentration facilities are among the finest in the world. This technology can be applied to primary recovery, preconcentration, and final upgrading, as well as recycling and soil washing.

Gravity separation, relies on the difference in density of the mineral and the gangue.

Wet gravity circuit